Musicman 1
Sudan
Sudan, the largest and one of the most geographically diverse states in Africa, split into two countries in July 2011 after the people of the south voted for independence. The government of Sudan gave its blessing for an independent South Sudan, where the African people have for decades been struggling against rule by the Arabic north. Sudan has been beset by conflict. Two rounds of north-south civil war cost the lives of 1.5 million people, and a continuing conflict in the western region of Darfur has driven two million people from their homes and killed more than 200,000.
Sudan's centuries of association with Egypt formally ended in 1956, when joint British-Egyptian rule over the country ended. Independence was rapidly overshadowed by unresolved constitutional tensions with the south, which flared up into full-scale civil war that the coup-prone central government was ill-equipped to suppress. The military-led government of President Jaafar Numeiri agreed to autonomy for the south in 1972, but fighting broke out again in 1983. After two years of bargaining, the rebels signed a comprehensive peace deal with the government to end the civil war in January 2005. The accord provided for a high degree of autonomy for the south, and an option for it to secede. South Sudan seceded in July 2011, following a vote. However, the grievances of the northern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile remain unaddressed, as provisions laid out for them in the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement were never fully implemented. In Darfur, in western Sudan, the United Nations has accused pro-government Arab militias of a campaign of ethnic cleansing against non-Arab locals.
The conflict has strained relations between Sudan and Chad, to the west. Both countries have accused each other of cross-border incursions. There have been fears that the Darfur conflict could lead to a regional war. Decades of fighting have left South Sudan's infrastructure in tatters. With the return of millions of displaced southerners, there is a pressing need for reconstruction. The economic dividends of peace could be great. Sudan has large areas of cultivatable land, as well as gold and cotton. Its oil reserves are ripe for further exploitation. Arabic is the official language and Islam is the state religion, but the large non-Arab, non-Muslim minority has rejected attempts by the government in Khartoum to impose Islamic Sharia law on the country as a whole.
Sudanese broadcasting is highly restricted. State-run radio and TV reflect government policy. A military censor ensures that the news reflects official views. There are no privately-owned TV stations. Satellite dishes are a common sight in affluent areas and pan-Arab stations are popular. A Netherlands-based shortwave station, Radio Dabanga, aims to reach listeners in Darfur.
The private press carries opposition views, but the state uses its powers to influence what is published. The press regulator closed six newspapers partially owned by South Sudan citizens on the eve of southern independence in July 2011. Sudan ranked among the bottom 10 countries in the 2010 Reporters Without Borders press freedom index. "News is controlled, the media are under surveillance and journalists are harassed by the security forces," the watchdog reported. Sudan had 4.2 million internet users by September 2009, comprising around 10% of the population (Internetworldstats). According to web filtering monitoring body OpenNet Initiative (ONI), "Sudan openly acknowledges filtering content that transgresses public morality and ethics or threatens order." Blogging is "subject to scrutiny and can incur serious consequences".
Musically and creatively, it is only the beginning of the journey for Sudan. As the music of Emmanuel Jal begins to impact on our conscious, it will undoubtedly inspire more of his brethren to develop their Art. As more and more African countries follow the road to peace and prosperity, we shall develop the story and bring out the music!
Musicman 1